“Flying Snow” and the tragedy of the April 3 Incident in Jeju

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I visited the Jeju 4.3 Peace Park recently during a seminar about the April 3 incident that I attended on Jeju Island (October 30, 2015).

The monuments in the peace park are extremely subtle, but grow upon one over time. I would say you must spend at least an hour walking among the spaces there before you start to appreciate the symbolic power of the grey stones and solid masses that are placed in the midst of green rolling grass.

I knew a few details about the killing of tens of thousands of people on Jeju Island starting on April 3, 1948, and how the incident was actively suppressed for decades in Korea. But I had never spent any time thinking deeply about the significance of that event for Korea, and specifically the psychology required to keep killing people for weeks and months, not just for a few hours of rage. I do not think that I understand that psychology yet, but I do feel strongly that the first lesson about the 4.3 incident has something to do with human nature itself.

I was deeply impressed by the sculptures at the 4.1 Peace Park and I feel that unlike many modern monuments that abound in Seoul, this one will survive the test of time.

There was one work that I thought was haunting that was entitled “flying snow” (飛雪). It is built on the exact spot that a young woman by the name of Byeon Byeongsaeng (변병생), 25 years old at the time, was shot in the back during the counterinsurgency operation by police sent down from Seoul. Byeon Byeongsaeng was hugging her baby daughter when she was shot by the officers chasing her and fell over into the snow and froze there.  

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“日 中 韓 の 良 い と こ ろ” (毎日新聞 ２０１５年　１０月　３１日)

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毎日新聞
２０１５年　１０月　３１日

日 中 韓 の 良 い と こ ろ

米村耕一　記者

韓国・慶熙大学で 米国人、エマニュエル・パストリッチさん(扺)のもとに今夏、予想外の「特需」が訪れた。２０１３年に出版した著書「韓国人だけが知らない別の大韓民国」を、朴槿恵大統領が夏休みに読み、政権幹部を集めた会議で「非常に共感した」と絶賛したためだ。そのことが新聞各紙に掲載され、一挙にベストセラーとなって増刷を重ねた。本は外国人の目で韓国の良さを次々と指摘し、だからこそ、もはや先進国として相応の役割を国際社会で果たす時期だと促す内容だった。実はパストリッチさんは、もともと日中の古典文学の研究者。東大大学院で修士号を取得しており、日本語、中国語も流ちょうだ。だから韓国だけでなく、日中両国についてもこの本と同じ調子で「良さ」を指摘してくれる。日中韓の３国は、互いに批判し合うことが少なくない。しかし、パストリッチさんのように「良いところ」に注目する見方も大事だろう、と私も本を買って読み進めている。

“UI Professor travels to East Asia” (The Daily Illini July 5, 2000)

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I returned to the University of Illinois from what I thought was a rather successful trip to universities in East Asia to discuss collaboration in internet education with universities in East Asia. I was at the time an  assistant professor in the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures. It was an unusually hot July in 2000 and I had to move into a new apartment in a few days, so I felt but overwhelmed and also infinitely excited about the possibility of holding live video seminars with my peers in Asia in the near future.

I was quite optimistic as I thought that this trip to Asia was one that would determine my career. But I found an article in the school paper Daily Illini that had come out while I was in Asia that suggested something else was going on. I was quite puzzled by the negative statements in the article and sensed that something was very, very wrong. Although I did not know it then, my life would never be quite the same again.

 

The Daily Illini

“UI Professor travels to East Asia”

July 5, 2000

http://www.illinimedia.com/di/july00/july05/news/news02.html

 

 

by Andy Grimm

Daily Illini reporter

 

University professor Emanuel Pastreich is spending the rest of his summer vacation touring the campuses of some of East Asia’s premier universities.

Pastreich, an assistant professor in East Asian Language and Culture at the University, left Tuesday for Seoul, Korea, hoping to develop contacts which will lead to preliminary discussions with administrators of some of East Asia’s leading universities.

Pastreich will only talk with administrators at the East Asian universities. He is not serving as a formal representative of the University, said Jerry Packard, head of the EALC.

“We in the department told him to cool his heels and take things in a methodical fashion, but he’s chosen not to do that,” said Packard.

The EALC has not given any funding for Pastreich’s trip. Representatives said that University administrators “have not decided whether they want to buy in” to Pastreich’s plan. Pastreich said he has contacted other departments, but Packard said he thought Pastreich was paying for the trip largely out of his own pocket.

The technology necessary is already largely in place, but there are still substantial challenges. If Pastreich felt getting University support was difficult, he might face even more challenges overseas.

“Talk about dealing with red tape, you may think it’s difficult to push something through (at the University), but it’s relatively easy compared to China,” said Packard. “Red tape is much more tangled there. It’s very difficult, especially when you’re an outsider.”

While the University has used videoconferencing to create collaborative courses with schools in the United States, the international exchange would be the first of its kind.

Pastreich envisions East Asian history courses taught using video lectures that students could watch in class or online. Students at different universities would complete group projects using e-mail. Pastreich will visit the University of Tokyo, Seoul National University and Peking University in hopes of creating a series of courses that will use videoconferencing and the Internet to link students across the Pacific together for classes.

“The most exciting thing to me is that students here, who maybe know Pokemon or tae kwon do, or like Chinese food get a chance to experience East Asian culture,” said Pastreich.

フランシス・フクヤマ教授　インタービュー (ハフィントンポスト2015年 10月 30日)

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ハフィントンポスト

フランシス・フクヤマ教授　インタービュー：

“アメリカが恐れる、中国成長の最悪のシナリオは”

2015年 10月 30日

 

*編注
『歴史の終わり』『政治の起源』などの著作で世界的に知られる、アメリカを代表する政治学者フランシス・フクヤマ教授。
日系二世の父と日系三世の母を持ち、東アジアの国際関係について深い知見を持つ氏に、アジアインスティチュート所長のエマニュエル・パストリッチ氏が米中関係を中心に話を聞いた。

 

◇ 　　　　　　　　　　　◇

 

パストリッチ
まず、最初に伺います。現在の東アジア情勢を理解するためには、どうして東アジアが世界経済の中心になって、また、世界政治において大きな役割を担っているか、ということを、まず、理解しなければならないかと思います。このような巨視的な変化について、どのようにお考えですか。

 

フクヤマ
そうですね。経済的な領域と政治的な領域は、分けて説明しなければならないかと思います。明らかな一番の大きな変化は、経済の部分から感じられます。これは文化大革命以降、中国の工業化とアジアの四頭の龍、即ち、韓国・シンガポール・台湾・香港の発展から確認できます。しかし、政治権力の観点からの変化は、経済変化よりもとてもゆっくりな速度で進んでいます。

全体的に、アジアはグローバルシステムとグローバルガバナンスが指向する方向に対してルールを確立していく上では、自身の能力をろくに発揮できずにいます。これは、ジョセフ・ナイが「ソフトパワー」*1だと言及した部分です。国家がアイディアとコンセプトを企画して、影響力のある制度を構築し、実行する能力です。アイディアの段階で遅れが生じることは、政治権力の部分で遅れが生じることよりもより深刻です。

アジアの「浮上」について話をしようと思えば、この浮上がどのような内容を包括しているのかを明確にしなければなりません。「東アジア経済の発展はどうしてここまで成功しているのか」という具体的な質問になら、明確に経済的な発展に基づく「浮上」を説明することができるでしょう。しかし、この「浮上」という単語が権力や影響力の成長という全ての面を包括することはできません。ただ、中国が近い未来、国際情勢における自国の影響力を増加させるであろうことは確実でしょう。


強制力を動員せず、自分が望むものを他人も望むようにするパワー。国際政治において、自国の同盟国を他の競争者に奪われず、持続的に自分の味方にするための方法として、生じたものである。

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“創意的な韓日中首脳会談に向かって” (中央日報 2015年 10月 31日)

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中央日報

“創意的な韓日中首脳会談に向かって”

2015年 10月 31日

エマニュエル パストリッチ

 

幸い、韓日中首脳会談が１１月１日にソウルで開催される。今回の会議は３カ国首脳が北東アジアの未来について率直に対話し、インフラ構築、金融・教育・安保など幅広い分野で具体的な協力の青写真を作る重要な契機になるだろう。また、３カ国首脳が従来の強硬一辺倒の姿勢から抜け出し、北朝鮮問題の解決、さらに進んで統一に向けた長期的な計画の樹立につながることを希望する。

しかし何よりも重要な問題は、韓日中首脳会談を持続可能にすると同時に、３カ国間の隔たりの中でも定期的に開催できる案を探すことだ。そのために首脳会談は、よくリムジンに象徴される高位外交官に限られた会談から一歩先に進むべきではないだろうか。例えば３カ国の小学校間の多様な交流活動を含め、芸術家と映画製作者および非政府組織（ＮＧＯ）間の共同プロジェクト進行にいたるまで、その領域をあらゆるレベルに拡張していく必要がある。

そのカギは革新と創意だ。文化的な要素と親近感ある交流を通じて、首脳間で緊密な関係が樹立されなければならない。しかしさらに重要なのは今回の会談が従来の首脳間の会談の枠を崩す契機にすることだ。よく外交といえば硬い表情の外交官が自国の確固たる立場に基づいて駆け引きする過程を繰り返し、自らの利益を追求する多分に意識的な行為を連想する。しかしすべてがそうではない。激しい意見交換の過程の中でも外交の主役が精神的な交感を通じて一歩ずつ退くことで、会談が終わった後には認識の違いを大きく狭め、ともに「ウィンウィン」する新しい地平が開かれたりもするからだ。

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“创新领导人会议的方式” (中央日报 2015年 10月 31日)

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中央日报

“创新领导人会议的方式”

2015年 10月 31日

贝一明

http://chinese.joins.com/gb/article.do?method=detail&art_id=142935&category=002005

 

韩中日领导人会议能够于11月1日在首尔举行，实为一件幸事。这次会议将成为三国领导人对东北亚的未来进行坦率对话，在构建基础设施和金融、教育、安全等各个领域描绘三方合作具体蓝图的重要契机。此外，希望三国领导人会议能够放下此前过于固执的强硬姿态，以此为契机制定解决朝鲜问题以及更进一步推动韩朝统一的长期计划。

然而，最重要的问题是，韩中日三方应设法寻求相关方案，三国领导人会议未来仍能持续举行，即使各方围绕某一国家的政策等存在分歧，保证三国领导人会议仍能够定期举行。若想实现这一点，领导人会议是不是应该摆脱经常以加长轿车形象出现仅限于高级外交官会谈的局限性呢？比如说，三国可以推动小学等各种交流活动，同时进行艺术家、电影制作人、NGO等共同活动，设法扩大领导人会谈的一切外延。

关键在于革新和创意，三国应通过文化要素和亲密的交流在三国首脑之间建立密切关系。更重要的是，三国应将这次会议作为打破以往领导人会议框架的契机。外交官们惯常做出冷漠表情，不断以本国的立场为基础互相牵制试探，多属于追求自身利益的理性行为。但外交不一定非要如此，即使在交换意见的激烈过程中，进行外交活动的主人公们也可以通过精神交流，各退一步，在会谈结束后大幅缩小各方分歧，打开“双赢”的局面。 

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“Diplomatic Dialogue in the Internet Age” (The Diplomat October 31, 2015)

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The Diplomat

“Diplomatic Dialogue in the Internet Age”

October 31, 2015

Emanuel Pastreich

 

 

I cringe every time I witness a group of experts from across Asia gather for an international meeting. They may be government ministers, or professors, or businessmen; the situation is the same. They shake hands awkwardly, exchange light pleasantries in broken English, and then quickly break off the conversation and scuttle away from each other.

Although the plane tickets and hotels required to bring these experts together are expensive, there is little, or no, serious dialogue between them – in spite of the remarkable amount of know-how that they have to share. Sadly, in most cases, they will leave the expensive events organized by government, or industry, the same way that they came: as mutual strangers. The gatherings over expensive meals will lead to no commitment for future cooperation, or even awareness of the wisdom and knowledge belonging to the others at the event.

If the representatives from across Asia who attend international summits and conferences could actually speak seriously with each other at any length, there would be an immense amount that they could learn from each other. For example, they might learn about how their peers in other countries are using innovative new administrative strategies that they could adopt. Or they might learn how new technologies used in manufacturing vastly improve productivity.

But that depth of exchange will never come from the brief introductions over wine that normally take place.

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“창의적인 정상회담을 향해”(중앙일보 2015년 10월 31일)

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중앙일보

“창의적인 정상회담을 향해”

2015년 10월 31일

임마누엘 페스트라이쉬

한•중•일 정상회의가 11월 1일 서울에서 열리게 돼 다행이다. 이번 회의는 3국 정상이 동북아의 미래에 관해 솔직한 대화를 나누고 인프라 구축, 금융•교육•안보 등 다양한 분야에서 구체적인 협력의 청사진을 만드는 중요한 계기가 될 것이다. 이에 더해 3국 정상이 기존의 강경 일변도 자세를 탈피해 북한 문제 해결과 나아가 통일에 이르게 할 장기적인 계획 수립으로 이어지기를 희망한다.

그러나 무엇보다 중요한 문제는 한•중•일 정상회의가 미래에도 지속 가능한 회동이 되도록 하는 동시에 3국 간 정책을 둘러싼 견해차에도 불구하고 정기적으로 개최되도록 할 방안을 찾는 일이다. 그러려면 정상회의가 흔히 리무진으로 상징되는 고위급 외교관에 한정된 만남에서 한 걸음 더 나아가야 하지 않을까. 예컨대 세 나라 초등학교 간의 다양한 교류 활동을 포함해 예술가와 영화 제작자 및 NGO 간의 공동 프로젝트 진행에 이르기까지 그 영역을 모든 수준에서 확장해나갈 필요가 있다.

그 관건은 혁신과 창의다. 문화적 요소와 친근한 교류를 통해 정상들 간에 긴밀한 관계가 수립돼야 한다. 하지만 더 중요한 것은 이번 회의가 기존의 정상 간 만남의 틀을 깨는 계기가 되도록 하는 일이다. 흔히 외교 하면 딱딱한 표정의 외교관들이 자국의 확고한 입장에 기반해 서로 밀고 당기는 과정을 반복하면서 자신의 이익을 추구하는 다분히 의식적인 행위를 연상하게 된다. 하지만 모두 다 그런 건 아니다. 치열한 의견교환 과정 속에서도 외교의 주역들이 정신적 교감을 통해 서로 한발씩 물러남으로써 회담이 끝난 뒤엔 인식 차를 크게 좁혀 모두가 ‘윈윈’할 수 있는 새로운 지평이 열리기도 하기 때문이다.

그 과정에서 필시 뒤따를 관료집단의 엄청난 저항을 고려하면 단 한 번의 정상회의가 놀라운 변화를 유발할 것으로 기대하긴 어렵다. 그럼에도 뭔가 상징적이면서도 동시에 ‘임팩트 있는’ 행동을 통해 정상회의의 기조를 바꾸는 일종의 ‘선순환 과정’을 유발할 수도 있지 않을까.

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“IT时代，有必要恢复“笔谈”的传统” 今日亚洲 百度百家 2015年 10月 26日

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今日亚洲 百度百家

“IT时代，有必要恢复“笔谈”的传统”

2015年 10月 26日

贝一明：

 

 

亚洲各国的专家们有时会在国际会议上碰面，笔者经常在这种场合目睹这样的怪现象：政府官员、教授或者企业家们碰面时，总是尴尬地握握手，用生硬的英语相互寒暄几句就草草结束了交谈，相互离得远远的坐在角落里。

邀请这些专家们需要花费大量的差旅费和住宿费，虽然专家们有很多知识和经验要和大家分享，但因为语言障碍却难以相互沟通。虽然政府和各个组织花费了大量金钱组织这样的会议，但并没有几个专家在会议过程中认识其他同行。有时候会议方准备了盛大的宴会，但专家们在宴会上很少达成今后的合作共识，也很少真正去了解其他同行的想法和知识。

如果参加会议的亚洲各国代表没有时间限制，可以畅所欲言的话，一定可以互相学到很多东西。例如，他们可以学习其他国家的先进行政措施，拿到本国来推广。企业家们也可以互相学习先进的生产技术。

不过，这些有深度的交流是不可能在酒桌上进行的，毕竟那不是简短的自我介绍。

我们需要创造新的环境，让这种深度交谈成为可能。

为了实现这个目标，我们可以采取特别的措施。例如，我们把来自不同国家的专家们分成小组，先让他们参加各种活动，热热身，并相互了解对方。但遗憾的是，许多人认为东方国家所谓的“热热身”多半是要喝酒。其实不然。我们可以通过组织爬山、烧烤，或者唱歌，营造一个轻松愉快的氛围。

在未来，人们没有必要通过面对面交流这种方式来交流思想。虽然面对面交流的确可以增进人际关系，但未来的线上交流，特别是抱有正式目的的网络聊天，会成为最佳的沟通方式。

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