{"id":9841,"date":"2025-12-11T15:25:32","date_gmt":"2025-12-11T15:25:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/green-liberty.org\/ctp\/?page_id=9841"},"modified":"2025-12-14T05:41:58","modified_gmt":"2025-12-14T05:41:58","slug":"pashto","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/green-liberty.org\/ctp\/pashto\/","title":{"rendered":"Pashto"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/figure>\n\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n
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Emanuel Pastreich<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062e\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0628\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f \u063a\u0645\u062c\u0646 \u067e\u06cc\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062e \u0634\u0648\u060c \u062f \u062f\u0648\u0632\u062e \u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0631\u06d0 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0635\u0644\u064a \u06ab\u0646\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0648\u062e\u062a \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0647 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062a\u06cc\u0631\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u062f \u0646\u0693\u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u06d0 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06d0\u060c \u067e\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u06cc \u0628\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0645\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u067e\u0647 \u0628\u06d0 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0636 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0689\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0632\u0647 \u062f 2001 \u06a9\u0627\u0644 \u062f \u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u062f 7 \u0646\u06d0\u067c\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u067e\u06d0\u069a\u06d0 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0645 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u06cc\u0631\u063a\u0644 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u064a\u0644 \u0634\u0648. \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0681\u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0648 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u0644\u06d0 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u06d0 \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648\u0681\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u067e\u067c \u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u0632\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u0634\u0627 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u06cc\u0648 \u0685\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u060c \u06cc\u0648\u0627\u0632\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u062d\u0634\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u062a\u06cd \u067e\u0693\u0627\u0648 \u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062f\u06d0 \u0627\u0686\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u0689\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0648\u062e\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0\u060c \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0648 \u067e\u0648\u0631\u06d0 \u062f \u0628\u0647\u0631\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u067e\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u06cc\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0634\u0648\u064a \u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0634\u0627\u06cc\u062f \u062f\u0627 \u0689\u06cc\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642 \u0648\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u06cc\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0685\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0685\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0631\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u063a\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0644 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0633\u064a – \u062e\u0648 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u0647\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u0634\u06cc\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0693\u062e\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u062e\u067e\u0644 \u06ab\u0689\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062e\u069a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u062f \u0646\u0627\u0632\u06a9\u0648 \u06a9\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06cc\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u062f \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0646\u06cd \u0627\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0647\u06d0\u0685 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0647. \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u062f \u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0681\u0645\u06a9\u0646\u06cc\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648 \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0645\u0648 \u067e\u0647 \u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0648\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u06cc\u06d0 \u0686\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062e\u067e\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u06cc\u0648\u067c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u06cc\u06d0 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0648. \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u062f\u0627 \u062f\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u06d0 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0648\u060c \u0681\u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0693\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644\u06cd \u062a\u0647 \u0631\u0648\u0696\u062f\u064a \u0634\u0648\u064a \u06cc\u0648\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u06d0 \u062e\u0648\u0634\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u0645\u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u063a\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u067e\u0647 \u067e\u067c\u0647 \u062f \u0627\u067e\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u06ab\u0631\u06cd \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u0628\u06cc\u0627 \u067e\u06cc\u0633\u06d0 \u0648\u06ab\u067c\u0648. \u0627\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u067e\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0641\u06a9\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u0645\u0646\u0681\u0646\u06cd \u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0627 \u062f \u0648\u0627\u06a9\u0645\u0646\u06cd \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0644\u0648\u06cc\u06d0 \u062c\u06cc\u0648\u067e\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062a\u06cc\u06a9 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u0698\u06cd \u06a9\u06d0 \u062f \u06cc\u0648\u06d0 \u0645\u0647\u0631\u06d0 \u067e\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0648.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0648  \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0648 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u06d0 \u062f\u0627 \u062c\u06ab\u0693\u0647 \u06cc\u06d0 \u067e\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u06a9\u0693\u06d0 \u0648\u0647\u060c \u06a9\u0647 \u0685\u0647 \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067e\u0647 \u063a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u06a9\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u0648\u06ab\u0693\u064a \u0645\u0693\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u062a\u0647 \u062f \u062f\u06d0 \u0648\u06cc\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u067e\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0646\u0647 \u06cc\u0645\u060c \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0632\u062a\u0645\u0646\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u06a9\u0648\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0685\u0646\u06ab\u0647 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u06d0 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u0648 \u0685\u062e\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0693\u0626\u060c \u0645\u06ab\u0631 \u0632\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u062a\u0631\u0685\u0646\u06ab \u0648\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0696\u0645 \u06a9\u0644\u0647 \u0686\u06d0 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u0648 \u062f\u0627 \u063a\u0648\u069a\u062a\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u06a9\u0693\u0626.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u0646 \u0632\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u06cc\u0645 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u067e\u0647 \u063a\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0645 \u0686\u06d0 \u062f \u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0648 \u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0631\u0647 \u0634\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0632\u0645\u0648\u0696 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0632\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u06ab\u0647 – \u062d\u062a\u06cc \u06a9\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0696 \u067c\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0647\u06cc\u062f\u0648.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062a\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u06a9\u0648\u0644 \u062f \u062d\u0644 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u0631\u069a\u062a\u06cc\u0627 \u0648\u06cc\u0644 \u062f \u062d\u0644 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647. \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062f \u067e\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0648 \u0698\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0648\u06cc \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0686\u06d0 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u0689\u06d0\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u0693\u0647 \u0627\u0648 \u0631\u06d0\u069a\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0646\u06a9\u064a \u062f\u064a\u060c \u0647\u0645 \u062f \u062d\u0644 \u06cc\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u0647 \u062f\u0647.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u062e\u0648 \u067e\u06cc\u0633\u06d0 \u062f \u067c\u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u06cc\u0648 \u0631\u06cc\u069a\u0647 \u062f\u0647\u060c \u067e\u06cc\u0633\u06d0 \u0647\u063a\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062f\u06cc \u0686\u06d0 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u06cc\u06a9\u0627 \u067e\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0693\u064a \u0633\u0631 \u06a9\u06d0 \u067e\u0631 \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u0631\u063a\u0644 \u0648\u06a9\u0693. \u067e\u06cc\u0633\u06d0 \u062f \u0627\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u067c\u0648\u0644\u06d0 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632\u06d0 \u0646\u0634\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u06a9\u0648\u0644\u06cc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n

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\u0627\u06cc\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0631\u06cc 2020 \u062a\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631 2024 \u0628\u0647\u200c\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0645\u0632\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0633\u062a\u200c\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u06cc \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u062a \u06a9\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Download pdf (T\u00e9l\u00e9charger le PDF)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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